Protective effect of commercial green tea on Ibuprofen-Induced glomerular atrophy in kidney of adult rat

Objective: To determine the effect of commercial green tea on ibuprofen-induced glomerular atrophy in kidney of adult rat by using transvertical glomerular diameter as the determining parameter

Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH] Islamabad from December 2016 to January 2017

Methodology: Thirty Sprague-dawley rats, males and females, were selected and divided into three groups. Each group comprised of 10 animals. Group A was used as control. Group B was given ibuprofen 120 mg/kg bodyweight/day. Group C received extract of Lipton green tea 1 ml/100 mg bodyweight/day in addition to ibuprofen 120 mg/kg. The dose was administered once daily for a period of 9 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of last dose. Kidney tissue was processed and stained with H and E. Routine histological study was performed. Change in transvertical glomerular diameter was taken as the defining parameter for determining glomerular atrophy. SPSS version 22 was the tool used for statistical analysis. P-value <0.05 was considered significant

Results: Transvertical glomerular diameter [TVGD] was significantly decreased in both experimental groups B [76.15 +/- 1.85 Mu m] and C [89.59 +/-1.87 Mu m] in comparison with control group A [94.27 +/- 1.82 Mu m]. However, the difference in TVGD between both experimental groups was also significant, asserting the ameliorative effect of green tea against glomerular damage

Conclusion: Ibuprofen caused glomerular atrophy but administration of green tea along with ibuprofen protected against significant reduction in glomerular diameter, thus preventing atrophy

study of variations in human ascending aortic fold

To study the variations in gross appearance of ascending aortic fold, and relationship of vertical height of middle of fold to vertical height of heart and to the mean width of the fold. This was a cross sectional study. Department of anatomy, Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2010 toDec2010. The present study was carried out on 24 hearts obtained from the dissection room of Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi. All the cases cadavers available during the study period were included in the study. The ascending aorta was studied with respect to its length and presence of fold in each of the specimens. The direction of the fold was noted forthe classic oblique form and other variations. The fold was present in all the specimens. It was oblique in 13 cases, horizontal in 6, oval in 2, vertical oblique in 2 and vertical horizontal in 1 individual. The vertical height of middle of fold was inversely proportional to vertical height of the heart and directly proportional to the mean width of the fold. The present study provided new dimension and observation that the vertical height of the middle of fold and vertical height of heart are inversely proportional to each other. Vertical height of the middle of fold and mean width of the fold are directly proportional to each other

Quantitative differences in fibrocartilage at the epiphyseal attachment of quadriceps tendon and semimembranosus tendon of man

Objective: To determine the width of zone of fibrocartilage at the epiphysial insertion of tendons of quadriceps and semimembranosus muscles to facilitate in the understanding of arthro-mechanics of knee joint

Study Design: It was cross-sectional comparative study

Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in the Anatomy department at Rawalpindi medical college Rawalpindi from January 2011 to July 2011

Results: All tendons were obtained from autopsy room of DHQ hospital Rawalpindi. The specimens were taken from deceased not beyond 40 years of age. The study was divided into two major groups. Group A included 15 sets of quadriceps tendon. Group B included 15 sets of semimembranosus tendon. The groups were studied for width of zones of fibro cartilage. There were pronounced quantitative differences between the attachments of these two tendons. There was significantly more fibro cartilage at the attachment of quadriceps tendon than at semimembranosus

Conclusion: The present study suggested that there was striking differences in the width of zone of fibrocartilage at the distal epiphysial attachment sites of quadriceps tendon and semimembranosus tendon. Fibrocartilage is comprised of uncalcified and calcified fibrocartilage. Both are separated by tidemark. Uncalcified fibrocartilage is greater in quadriceps tendon than semimembranosus reflecting the greater range of movement at this site. The amount of calcified fibrocartilage in quadriceps tendon exceed than semimembranosus due to maximum force and greater cross-sectional area

Arsenic induced microscopic changes in rat testis

The present study was designed to observe the changes in the testis of rats due to arsenic in higher doses. Distilled water and sodium arsenite were administrated intra-peritonealy to control and experimental groups respectively. Animals were sacrificed, their testis were weighed and cut into small pieces. After observing the plucking and stringing phenomenon of the seminiferous tubules the pieces of tests were embedded in paraffin and then 5micro m thick section were made. These sections were stained with PAS-sulfurous acid haematoxylin and examined microscopically for qualitative assessment of germinal epithelium. In the rats of experimental group mean weight and average tissue ratio of the paired testes was 1.140gm and 0.0037 respectively, which was significantly less than the control. There was decrease in diameter of seminiferous tubules, thickening of the basement membrane, early arrest of spermatogenesis, damaged leydig cells, prominent sertoli cells and collapsed blood vessels, showing generalized atrophy of the testes in experimental group. In arsenic toxicity there are atrophic changes in testis due to degenerative changes in spermatogenic and leydig cells

Anatomical variations; the origin of profunda femoris artery, its branches and diameter of the femoral artery

Profunda femoris artery and its circumflex branches are encountered during cannulation of femoral artery for various clinical and diagnostic techniques. To study the variations in the origin of the profunda femoris artery and its circumflex branches along with measurement of internal diameter of femoral artery. Cadaveric studies. Anatomy Departments of Fatima Jinnah Medical College and Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore. From 04-08-06 to 30-06-07. In 20 adult male cadavers, 40 femoral triangles were dissected and femoral artery, profunda femoris artery and its branches were exposed. The distance of origin of the profunda femoris artery from the mid point of inguinal ligament and the origin of the circumflex arteries from the profunda femoris were measured by a scale and radial caliper. The internal diameter of femoral artery was recorded with radial caliper after injecting it with gelatin and undiluted Indian ink. In 12 to 14 cases the origin of the profunda femoris artery was located between 20-40 mm from mid point of the inguinal ligament. In 6-8 cases profunda femoris originated lower down in the thigh than the common location. Only in one case the medial circumflex artery was seen emerging from the femoral artery at the level of origin of profunda femoris artery. In one case lateral circumflex artery originated directly from the femoral artery unilaterally. The internal diameter of the femoral artery ranged between 6-10 mm

Comparative effects of two types of ginseng on liver

This study was undertaken to check the comparative changes in the liver of guinea pigs, induced by the soxhlet water extracts of Pakistan and Korean Ginseng. Two types of ginseng were given orally to eight animals in each group for a period of two months. In both the groups, although no changes were observed on gross examination of liver specimens, yet the histological examination revealed intercellular fat droplet accumulation, glycogen depletion, occasional round cell infiltration and mild to moderate congestion. These histological changes were also significant between the treatment groups. The morpho metric analysis regarding the number of necrosed hepatocytes and the number of portal lobules in a given area and the area of portal lobules statistically signify that the long standing intake of ginseng should be avoided, although its short term use may be indicated in preventing the normally occurring wear and tear in the liver

Testicular response in mice to disturbed androgen estrogen ratio: a histological study

To determine the testicular response at cellular level to the disturbed androgen/estrogen ratio by giving exogenous estrogen. Design: Histological study of estrogenized mice testis. Settings: Animal house, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Materials: Twenty mature male albino mice which were divided into control [A] and experimental [B] groups. The later received estradiol-17-beta 50ug/100g body weight/day for one week and was sacrificed at the end of 3rd. Treated animals exhibited decreased body and paired testis weights with marked reduction in diameter of seminiferous tubules and degeneration of spermatogenetic cell lineage, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and blood vessels in the interstitium. Estrogen administration caused atrophy of the mice testis

Dose related zinc toxicity on liver

Zinc'citrate was given orally to forty animals for two months in various doses to study the histological changes in the liver. These observations revealed mild to moderate congestion, erosion of endothelium of central vein, fatty infiltration, prominent Kupffer cells and necrosis of hepatocytes as indicated by an increase in the cell size, granular cytoplasm and pyknotic nucleus. The liver glycogen was depleted in peripheral zones. The statistical analysis revealed a significant dose dependant increased necrosis of hepatocytes and glycogen depletion

Response of zinc and copper content of guinea pig hair to zinc citrate supplementation

Zinc citrate was given orally to 32 guinae pigs Zinc supplementation on for two months in various doses to study the response of Zinc and Copper content of hair. The mineral content was determined with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometers of two different makes at two different centers. Zinc Supplementation caused gain in weight of animals which was statistically significant. There was no statistically significant change in the zinc content of hair even with various doses of supplement. However the copper content of hair was reduced with various doses and the decrease was statistically highly significant Moreover, Zn:Cu ratio was increased sequentially and was statistically highly significant [P<0.001]. It suggests that Zn and Cu have competitive interaction as far as their metabolism in the body [especially the hair] is concerned

Ginseng and spermatogenesis

Ginseng is frequently used throughout the world to prevent and treat a multitude of diseases affecting almost all stems of body. It is taken as geriatric, aphrodiasic, somatensic and adaptogen. It has also been found in the hilly regions of Pakistan. This study was designed to evaluate the comparative changes in the general body weight and histological features of testes induced by the soxhlet H2O extracts of Pakistani and Korean ginseng. For this purpose, the two types of ginseng were given orally to 8 animals in each group for two months. It resulted into gain in weight of animals in both groups, although statistically the results proved to be more in favour of Pakistani ginseng. Although, no change was observed on examination of testes but the histological evaluation, after applying the statistical tests, revealed that the spermatogenesis was increased significantly with Pakistani ginseng

Effects of testosterone and vitamin E on spermatogenesis

Forty eight adult male rabbits were utilized for this experiment and randomly divided into four groups. Animals in groups A, B and C were given testosterone, vitamin E and both respectively s/c daily. Animals in group D were treated as controls. Four animals in each group were sacrificed at one monthly intervals, for three months. Testes were removed and studied for various parameters of gross and histological appearances. Testes of testosterone treated animals were obsen,ed to be atrophic. The tubular diameter was decreased. Spermatogenesis was sequentially halted and the basement membrane was thickened and hyalinised. Testes of vitamin E treated animals were hypertrophied and uniformity of tubular diameter was observed. Spermatogenesis was potentiated but the basement membrane was unchanged. Testes of rabbits treated with both testosterone and vitamin E were again atrophic. Histological section revealed decrease in tubular diameter, arrest in spermatogenesis and thickening and hyalinisation of basement membrane. Thus the use of testosterone alone or in combination with vitamin E is hazardous to spermatogenesis. Although there is a potentiation of spemmatogenesis with vitamin E in rabbits, but the implications in human beings need furherer study